If you are a traveler from Rwanda and are experiencing symptoms, please call the Indiana Department of Health Infectious Disease Epidemiology &
Prevention Division at 317-233-7125.
- Discovery of Filoviruses
- EVD: Signs & Symptoms
- MVD: Signs & Symptoms
- Transmission
- Prevention
- Vaccine
The first appearance of Filovirus occurred in 1967 when simultaneous outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) caused by Marburg virus developed in laboratory workers in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and what then was Belgrade, Yugoslavia after being exposed to the tissues of African green monkeys imported from Uganda. The virus didn't appear again until 1975, in South Africa. Marburg virus has appeared sporadically since then, including two large epidemics in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from 1998-2000 and Angola from 2004-2005.
Ebola virus first appeared in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of VHF occurred in DRC in a village near the Ebola River, giving the virus its name, and in South Sudan. Since then, six different species of Ebola virus have been discovered, four of which are known to cause disease in humans.
| Filoviridae | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orthoebolavirus | Orthomarburgvirus | ||||||
| Orthoebolavirus zairense or Ebola virus (EBOV) | Orthoebolavirus sudanense or Sudan virus (SUDV) | Orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense or Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) | Orthoebolavirus taiense or Taï Forest virus (TAFV) | Orthoebolavirus bombaliense or Bombali virus (BOMV) | Orthoebolavirus restonense or Reston virus (RESTV) | Orthomarburgvirus marburgense or Marburg virus (MARV) | Orthomarburgvirus marburgense or Ravn virus (RAVV) |
Symptoms of Ebola virus disease (EVD) may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after contact with Ebola virus, with an average of 8 to 10 days.
| Symptom Type | Symptom |
|---|---|
| Primary Symptoms |
|
| Other Symptoms |
|
Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease | CDC
Symptoms of Marburg virus disease (MVD) may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after contact with Marburg virus, with an average of 8 to 10 days.
| Symptom Type | Symptoms |
|---|---|
| Primary Symptoms |
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| Severe Symptoms |
|
Filovirus, or virus in the Filoviridae family, can cause sever hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Filoviruses are zoonotic, they are spread to humans from animals. The reservoir host for Marburg virus is African fruit bats, there is no known reservoir for Ebola virus, though bats are suspected to play a role in transmission.
Once a human is infected, both MVD and EVD can be transmitted to other humans through direct contact with the blood or bodily fluids of an infected individual who is sick with or has died from either disease. Transmission can also occur via objects contaminated with blood or bodily fluids of an infected person, through consumption of wild animal meat, or through semen from a person who has recovered from EVD or MVD (there is no evidence that EVD or MVD can be transmitted via vaginal fluid).
Prevention
- Avoid contact with bodily fluids and blood of people who are infected and or contagious.
- Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees.
- Wash your hands before and after coming in contact with someone infected with EVD or MVD.
- Avoid contaminated objects that have not been sanitized.
- Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when encountering an infected individual.
- Avoid funerals and burial practices that involve touching the body of an individual who passed away of EVD or MVD.
- Avoid traveling to areas undergoing an Ebola and Marburg outbreak.
There is currently only one FDA approved vaccination for the Ebola virus. This vaccine is given as a single dose vaccine and has been found to be safe and protective only against Zaire ebolavirus, which has caused the largest and most deadly Ebola outbreaks to date.
In 2020, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended pre-exposure prophylaxis vaccination with rVSV-ZEBOV for adults ≥ 18 years of age in the U.S. population who are at potential occupational risk of exposure to Zaire ebolavirus. This recommendation includes adults who are:
- Responding or planning to respond to an outbreak of EVD;
- Laboratorians or other staff working at biosafety-level 4 facilities that work with live Ebola virus in the United States: or
- Healthcare personnel working at federally designated Ebola Treatment Centers [PDF – 1 MB] in the United States.
Currently, there is no vaccination available for disease caused by Marburg virus.
For Clinicians
- Increase vigilance in obtaining travel history for in the 21 days before illness onset for any patient presenting with fever or other symptoms consistent with Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Marburg virus disease (MVD)
- Isolate patients with a relevant travel history and who are exhibiting relevant symptoms in a private room with a private bathroom and implement standard, contact, and droplet precautions
- Contact Indiana Department of Health’s Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division at (317) 233-7125 during normal business hours (Monday - Friday, 8:15 a.m. - 4:45 p.m. ET) or for emergencies contact us at (317) 233-1325 after hours or on holidays
PPE for Health Care Providers
For all healthcare workers caring for patients with EVD or MVD: PPE that fully covers skin and clothing and prevents any exposure of the eyes, nose, and mouth is recommended to reduce the risk of accidental self-contamination of mucous membranes or broken skin.
1. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
2. Sequence for Donning and Doffing Personal Protective Equipment (miemss.org)
Page last reviewed and updated: October 2024